library(knitr)
library(ClustIRR)
library(igraph)
library(ggplot2)
theme_set(new = theme_bw(base_size = 10))
library(ggrepel)
library(patchwork)
options(digits=2)

1 Introduction

Adaptive immunity employs diverse immune receptor repertoires (IRRs; B- and T-cell receptors) to combat evolving pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and cancers. Receptor diversity arises through V(D)J recombination - combinatorial assembly of germline genes generating unique sequences. Each naive lymphocyte consequently expresses a distinct receptor, enabling broad antigen recognition.

B cells engage antigens directly via BCR complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), while T cells recognize peptide-MHC complexes through TCR CDRs. Antigen recognition triggers clonal expansion, producing effector populations that mount targeted immune responses.

High-throughput sequencing (HT-seq) enables tracking of TCR/BCR community dynamics across biological conditions (e.g., pre-/post-treatment), offering insights into responses to immunotherapy and vaccination. However, two key challenges complicate this approach:

Extreme diversity and privacy: TCRs/BCRs are highly personalized, with incomplete sampling particularly problematic in clinical settings where sample volumes are limited. Even comprehensive sampling reveals minimal repertoire overlap between individuals.
Similar TCRs/BCRs recognize similar antigens

This vignette introduces ClustIRR, a computational method that addresses these challenges by: (1) Identifying specificity-associated receptor communities through sequence clustering, and (2) Applying Bayesian models to quantify differential community abundance across conditions.

2 Installation

ClustIRR is freely available as part of Bioconductor, filling the gap that currently exists in terms of software for quantitative analysis of IRRs.

To install ClustIRR please start R and enter:

if(!require("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE)) {
  install.packages("BiocManager")
}
BiocManager::install("ClustIRR")

3 ClustIRR algorithm

3.1 Input

The main input of ClustIRR is a repertoire (s), which should be provided as data.frame. The rows in the data.frame correspond to clones (clone = group of cells derived from a common parent cell by clonal expansion). We use the following data from each clone:

CDR3 amino acid sequences from one/both chains (e.g. CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ from TCR$\alpha\beta$s).
Clone size, which refers to the frequency of cells that belong to the clone.

In a typical scenario, the user will have more than one repertoire (see workflow). For instance, the user will analyze longitudinal repertoire data, i.e., two or three repertoires taken at different time points; or across different biological conditions.

Let’s look at dataset D1 that is provided within ClustIRR. D1 contains three TCR$\alpha\beta$ repertoires: $a$, $b$, and $c$ and their metadata: ma, mb and mc.

data("D1", package = "ClustIRR")
str(D1)

List of 6
 $ a :'data.frame': 500 obs. of  4 variables:
  ..$ CDR3a     : chr [1:500] "CASSLRGAHNEQFF" "CASGLRQGYGYTF" "CSAGGFRETQYF" "CGSSLSQGSEQYF" ...
  ..$ CDR3b     : chr [1:500] "CASTVTSGSNEKLFF" "CASSLTGTGYTF" "CSALTPGLIYNEQFF" "CSARASWGTNEKLFF" ...
  ..$ sample    : chr [1:500] "a" "a" "a" "a" ...
  ..$ clone_size: num [1:500] 3 2 2 5 3 5 5 5 3 4 ...
 $ b :'data.frame': 500 obs. of  4 variables:
  ..$ CDR3a     : chr [1:500] "CASSLRGAHNEQFF" "CASGLRQGYGYTF" "CSAGGFRETQYF" "CGSSLSQGSEQYF" ...
  ..$ CDR3b     : chr [1:500] "CASTVTSGSNEKLFF" "CASSLTGTGYTF" "CSALTPGLIYNEQFF" "CSARASWGTNEKLFF" ...
  ..$ sample    : chr [1:500] "b" "b" "b" "b" ...
  ..$ clone_size: num [1:500] 3 2 2 7 4 5 5 7 3 4 ...
 $ c :'data.frame': 500 obs. of  4 variables:
  ..$ CDR3a     : chr [1:500] "CASSLRGAHNEQFF" "CASGLRQGYGYTF" "CSAGGFRETQYF" "CGSSLSQGSEQYF" ...
  ..$ CDR3b     : chr [1:500] "CASTVTSGSNEKLFF" "CASSLTGTGYTF" "CSALTPGLIYNEQFF" "CSARASWGTNEKLFF" ...
  ..$ sample    : chr [1:500] "c" "c" "c" "c" ...
  ..$ clone_size: num [1:500] 3 2 2 9 5 5 5 9 3 4 ...
 $ ma:'data.frame': 500 obs. of  8 variables:
  ..$ clone_id: int [1:500] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
  ..$ cell    : chr [1:500] "CD8" "CD4" "CD8" "CD8" ...
  ..$ HLA_A   : chr [1:500] "HLA-A∗24" "HLA-A∗24" "HLA-A∗24" "HLA-A∗24" ...
  ..$ age     : num [1:500] 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ...
  ..$ TRAV    : chr [1:500] "TRAV27" "TRAV27" "TRAV20-1" "TRAV7-7" ...
  ..$ TRAJ    : chr [1:500] "TRAJ2-1" "TRAJ1-2" "TRAJ2-5" "TRAJ2-7" ...
  ..$ TRBV    : chr [1:500] "TRBV6-8" "TRBV7-3" "TRBV20-1" "TRBV20-1" ...
  ..$ TRBJ    : chr [1:500] "TRBJ1-4" "TRBJ1-2" "TRBJ2-1" "TRBJ1-4" ...
 $ mb:'data.frame': 500 obs. of  8 variables:
  ..$ clone_id: int [1:500] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
  ..$ cell    : chr [1:500] "CD8" "CD4" "CD4" "CD4" ...
  ..$ HLA_A   : chr [1:500] "HLA-A∗02" "HLA-A∗02" "HLA-A∗02" "HLA-A∗02" ...
  ..$ age     : num [1:500] 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 ...
  ..$ TRAV    : chr [1:500] "TRAV27" "TRAV27" "TRAV20-1" "TRAV7-7" ...
  ..$ TRAJ    : chr [1:500] "TRAJ2-1" "TRAJ1-2" "TRAJ2-5" "TRAJ2-7" ...
  ..$ TRBV    : chr [1:500] "TRBV6-8" "TRBV7-3" "TRBV20-1" "TRBV20-1" ...
  ..$ TRBJ    : chr [1:500] "TRBJ1-4" "TRBJ1-2" "TRBJ2-1" "TRBJ1-4" ...
 $ mc:'data.frame': 500 obs. of  8 variables:
  ..$ clone_id: int [1:500] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
  ..$ cell    : chr [1:500] "CD8" "CD8" "CD8" "CD8" ...
  ..$ HLA_A   : chr [1:500] "HLA-A∗11" "HLA-A∗11" "HLA-A∗11" "HLA-A∗11" ...
  ..$ age     : num [1:500] 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ...
  ..$ TRAV    : chr [1:500] "TRAV27" "TRAV27" "TRAV20-1" "TRAV7-7" ...
  ..$ TRAJ    : chr [1:500] "TRAJ2-1" "TRAJ1-2" "TRAJ2-5" "TRAJ2-7" ...
  ..$ TRBV    : chr [1:500] "TRBV6-8" "TRBV7-3" "TRBV20-1" "TRBV20-1" ...
  ..$ TRBJ    : chr [1:500] "TRBJ1-4" "TRBJ1-2" "TRBJ2-1" "TRBJ1-4" ...

Extract the data.frames for each TCR repertoire and their metadata:

We will merge three TCR repertoires into the data.frame tcr_reps.

tcr_reps <- rbind(D1$a, D1$b, D1$c)

We will do the same for the metadata

meta <- rbind(D1$ma, D1$mb, D1$mc)

3.2 Algorithm

ClustIRR performs the following steps.

Compute similarities between T-cell clones within each TCR repertoire
Construct a graph from each TCR repertoire
Construct a joint similarity graph ($J$)
Detect communities in $J$
Analyze Differential Community Occupancy (DCO)

a. Between individual TCR repertoires with model $M$

b. Between groups of TCR repertoires from biological conditions with model $M_h$
Inspect results

3.3 Step 1. Compute TCR clone similarities in a repertoire with `cluster_irr`

ClustIRR aims to quantify the similarity between pairs of TCR clones based on the similarities of their CDR3s sequences. For this it employs Basic Local-Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) via the R-package blaster. Briefly, a protein database is constructed from all CDR3 sequences, and each CDR3 sequence is used as a query. This enables fast sequence similarity searches. Furthermore, only CDR3 sequences matches with $\geq$ 70% sequence identity to the query are retained. This step reduces the computational and memory requirements, without impacting downstream community analyses, as CDR3 sequences with lower typically yield low similarity scores.

For matched CDR3 pair, an alignment score ($\omega$) is computed using BLOSUM62 substitution scores with gap opening penalty of -10 and gap extension penalty of -4. $\omega$ is the sum of substitution scores and gap penalties in the alignment. Identical or highly similar CDR3 sequence pairs receive large positive $\omega$ scores, while dissimilar pairs receive low or negative $\omega$. To normalize $\omega$ for alignment length, ClustIRR computes $\bar{\omega} = \omega/l$, where $l$ is the alignment length yielding normalized alignment score $\bar{\omega}$. This normalization, also used in iSMART (Zhang, 2020), ensures comparability across CDR3 pairs of varying lengths.

ClustIRR also computes alignment scores for the CDR3 core regions ($\omega^c$ and $\bar{\omega}^c$). The CDR3 core, representing the central loop region with high antigen-contact probability (Glanville, 2017), is generated by trimming three residues from each end of the CDR3 sequence. Comparing $\bar{\omega}^c$ and $\bar{\omega}$ allows assessment of whether sequence similarity is concentrated in the core or flanking regions.

3.4 Step 2-3. Construct TCR repertoire graphs and join them into $J$

Next, ClustIRR builds a graph for each TCR repertoire. The graphs have nodes and weighted edges:

nodes: clones from each TCR repertoire. Each clone attribute (clone size, CDR3 sequences, etc.) is provided as node attribute
edges: undirected edges connecting pairs of nodes based on CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ similarity scores ($\bar{\omega}$ and $\bar{\omega}^c$) in each TCR repertoire (computed in step 1.)

Then the graphs are joined together: edges between TCR clones from different TCR repertoires are computed using the same procedure outlined in step 1. The joint graph $J$ is stored as an igraph object.

3.5 Run steps 1-3 with `clustirr`

Step 1. involves calling the function clust_irr which returns an S4 object of class clust_irr.

cl <- clustirr(s = tcr_reps, meta = meta, control = list(gmi = 0.7))

The output complex list with three elements:

graph = the joint graph $J$
clust_irrs = list with S4 clust_irr objects one for each TCR repertoire
multigraph = logical value which tell us whether $J$ contains multiple or a single TCR repertoire

3.5.1 Inspect the content of `clust_irrs`

We can look at the similarity scores between CDR3 sequences of TCR repertoire a. Each row is a pair of CDR3 sequences from the repertoire annotated with the following metrics:

max_len: length of the longer CDR3 sequence in the pair
max_clen: length of the longer CDR3 core sequence in the pair
weight: $\omega$ = BLOSUM62 score of the complete CDR3 alignment
cweight= $\omega_c$: BLOSUM62 score of CDR3 cores
nweight = $\bar{\omega}$: normalized weight by max_len
ncweight = $\bar{\omega}_c$: normalized cweight by max_clen

The results for CDR3$\alpha$ sequence pairs from repertoire a:

kable(head(cl$clust_irrs[["a"]]@clust$CDR3a), digits = 2)

from_cdr3	to_cdr3	weight	cweight	nweight	ncweight	max_len	max_clen
CASRRGGYNEQFF	CSVRRGGYNEQFF	117	68	9.0	9.7	13	7
CASRRGGYNEQFF	CASSPPGYNEQFF	105	47	8.1	6.7	13	7
CASRRGGYNEQFF	CASRVDASYNEQFF	93	35	6.6	4.4	14	8
CASRRGGYNEQFF	CASSRQGHNEQFF	107	49	8.2	7.0	13	7
CASSLSSGNTIYF	CASSLSISGNTIYF	105	47	7.5	5.9	14	8
CASSLSSGNTIYF	CASSRGHSSGNTIYF	95	37	6.3	4.1	15	9

… the same table for CDR3$\beta$ sequence pairs from repertoire a:

kable(head(cl$clust_irrs[["a"]]@clust$CDR3b), digits = 2)

from_cdr3	to_cdr3	weight	cweight	nweight	ncweight	max_len	max_clen
CASSPGGDEAFF	CASSQGRGTDEAFF	81	24	5.8	3.0	14	8
CASSPGGDEAFF	CASSPRTTEAFF	92	35	7.7	5.8	12	6
CASKVPSGESSYNEQFF	CASSHPSSSYNEQFF	110	52	6.5	4.7	17	11
CASKVPSGESSYNEQFF	CASSVASGGTYNEQFF	116	58	6.8	5.3	17	11
CASGLNVNTEAFF	CASSLNRVNTEAFF	101	44	7.2	5.5	14	8
CASGLNVNTEAFF	CASGLVGNTEAFF	105	48	8.1	6.9	13	7

Notice that very similar CDR3$\alpha$ or CDR3$\beta$ pairs have high normalized alignment scores ($\bar{\omega}$). We have similar tables for repertoire b and c. These are used internally to construct graphs in the next step.

3.5.2 Inspect graphs with `plot_graph`

We can use the function plot_graph for interactive visualization of relatively small graphs.

The function clust_irr performs automatic annotation of TCR clones based on multiple databases (DBs), including: VDJdb, TCR3d, McPAS-TCR. Each TCR clone recieves two types of annotations (per chain and per database):

Ag_species: the name of the antigen species recognized by the clone’s CDR3
Ag_gene: the name of the antigen gene recognized by clone’s CDR3

Hence, in the plot we can highlight TCR clones that recognize certain antigenic species or genes (see dropdown menu), or use the hoovering function to look at the CDR3 sequences of nodes.

Do this now!

plot_graph(cl, select_by = "Ag_species", as_visnet = TRUE)

Notice that even in this small case study–where each TCR repertoire contains only 500 TCR clones–we observe that the joint graph is complex! This complexity makes qualitative analyses impractical. To address this, ClustIRR focuses on quantitative analyses (see the next steps).

3.5.3 You can evaluate $J$ with igraph

We can use igraph functions to inspect various properties of the graph in cl$graph. For instance, below, we extract the edge attributes and visualize the distributions of the edge attributes ncweight and nweight for all CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ sequence pairs.

# data.frame of edges and their attributes
e <- igraph::as_data_frame(x = cl$graph, what = "edges")

ggplot(data = e)+
  geom_density(aes(ncweight, col = chain))+
  geom_density(aes(nweight, col = chain), linetype = "dashed")+
  xlab(label = "edge weight (solid = ncweight, dashed = nweight)")+
  theme(legend.position = "top")

Can you guess why we observe trimodal distributions?

Top mode: weights of identical CDR3 sequence pairs from the different TCR repertoires
Middle mode: weights of CDR3 sequences with same lengths
Bottom mode: weights of CDR3 sequences with different lengths -> scores penalized by gap cost

3.6 Step 4. community detection with `detect_communities`

ClustIRR employs graph-based community detection (GCD) algorithms, such as Louvain, Leiden or InfoMap, to identify communities of nodes that have high density of edges among each other, and low density of edges with nodes outside the community.

First, the similarity score between T-cell clones $i$ and $j$ is defined as the average CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ alignment scores:

\[\begin{align} \omega(i,j) = \dfrac{{\bar{\omega}}_\alpha + {\bar{\omega}}_\beta}{2} \end{align}\]

where $\bar{\omega}_\alpha$ and $\bar{\omega}_\beta$ are the alignment scores for the CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$, respectively. If a chain is missing, its alignment score is set to 0.

The user has the following options:

algorithm: “leiden” (default) “louvain”, or “infomap”
resolution: GCD resolution = 1 (default)
iterations: number of clustering iterations (default = 100) to ensure robust results
weight: “ncweight” (default) or “nweight”
chains: “CDR3a” or “CDR3b” or c(“CDR3a”, “CDR3b”)

gcd <- detect_communities(graph = cl$graph, 
                          algorithm = "leiden",
                          resolution = 1,
                          iterations = 100,
                          weight = "ncweight",
                          chains = c("CDR3a", "CDR3b"))

3.6.1 Inspecting the outputs of `detect_communities`

The function detect_communities generates a complex output. Lets investigate its elements:

names(gcd)

[1] "community_occupancy_matrix" "community_summary"         
[3] "node_summary"               "graph"                     
[5] "graph_structure_quality"    "input_config"

The main element is community_occupancy_matrix, which contains the number of T-cells in each community (row) and repertoire (column). Here we have three repertoires (three columns) and about 260 communities. This matrix is the main input of the function dco (step 5.), to detect differences in the community occupancy between repertoires.

dim(gcd$community_occupancy_matrix)

[1] 261   3

head(gcd$community_occupancy_matrix)

3.6.2 Visualizing community abundance matrices with `get_honeycombs`

honeycomb <- get_honeycombs(com = gcd$community_occupancy_matrix)

In the honeycomb plots shown below, several communities (black dots) appear far from the diagonal. This indicates that these communities contain more cells in repertoires b and c (y-axes in panels A and B) compared to repertoire a (x-axes in panels A and B). Meanwhile, the same points are generally close to the diagonal in panel C but remain slightly more abundant in repertoire c (y-axis) compared to b (x-axis).

In step 5, ClustIRR will provide a quantitative answer to the question: Which communities are differentially abundant between pairs of repertoires?

Importantly, the color of the hexagons encodes the density of communities in the 2D scatterplots: dark hexagons indicate high a frequency of communities, while light hexagons represent sparsely populated regions.

wrap_plots(honeycomb, nrow = 1)+
    plot_annotation(tag_levels = 'A')

Also see community_summary. In the data.frame wide we provide community summaries in each community across all TCR repertoires, including:

clones_a, clone_b, clone_c, clones_n: the frequency of clones in the community coming from repertoire a, b, c and in total (n)
cells_a, cells_b, cells_c, cells_n: the frequency of cell in the community coming from repertoires a, b, c and in total (n)
w: average inter-clone similarity
ncweight_CDR3a/b, nweight_CDR3a/b: raw and normalized similarity for CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ sequences
n_CDR3a, n_CDR3b: number of edges between CDR3$\alpha$ and CDR3$\beta$ sequences

kable(head(gcd$community_summary$wide), digits = 1, row.names = FALSE)

community	clones_a	clones_b	clones_c	clones_n	cells_a	cells_b	cells_c	cells_n	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	3	3	3	9	10	10	10	30	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
2	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.3	NaN	9.3	NaN	9.6	3	3
3	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.4	NaN	9.4	NaN	9.6	3	3
4	1	1	1	3	5	7	9	21	9.1	NaN	9.1	NaN	9.5	3	3
5	6	6	6	18	28	31	34	93	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	4.7	18	108
6	1	1	1	3	5	5	5	15	9.6	NaN	9.6	NaN	9.8	3	3

In the data.frame tall we provide community and repertoire summaries in each row.

kable(head(gcd$community_summary$tall), digits = 1, row.names = FALSE)

community	sample	clones	cells	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	a	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	b	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	c	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
112	a	5	30	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	b	5	31	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	c	5	32	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15

Node-specific (TCR clone-specific) summaries are provided in node_summary

kable(head(gcd$node_summary), digits = 1, row.names = FALSE)

name	clone_id	info_tcr3d_CDR3a	info_tcr3d_CDR3b	info_mcpas_CDR3a	info_mcpas_CDR3b	info_vdjdb_CDR3a	info_vdjdb_CDR3b	clone_size	sample	CDR3b	CDR3a	cell	HLA_A	age	TRAV	TRAJ	TRBV	TRBJ	id	community
a\|1	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	3	a	CASTVTSGSNEKLFF	CASSLRGAHNEQFF	CD8	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV27	TRAJ2-1	TRBV6-8	TRBJ1-4	1	1
a\|2	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2	a	CASSLTGTGYTF	CASGLRQGYGYTF	CD4	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV27	TRAJ1-2	TRBV7-3	TRBJ1-2	2	2
a\|3	3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2	a	CSALTPGLIYNEQFF	CSAGGFRETQYF	CD8	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV20-1	TRAJ2-5	TRBV20-1	TRBJ2-1	3	3
a\|4	4	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	5	a	CSARASWGTNEKLFF	CGSSLSQGSEQYF	CD8	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV7-7	TRAJ2-7	TRBV20-1	TRBJ1-4	4	4
a\|5	5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	3	a	CASSVREAENQPQHF	CSPRGPYGYTF	CD8	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV20-1	TRAJ1-2	TRBV4-1	TRBJ1-5	5	5
a\|6	6	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	5	a	CASCTVGNQPQHF	CSLGPSKSQYF	CD8	HLA-A∗24	24	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-3	TRBV19	TRBJ1-5	6	6

3.6.3 Special functions: decoding communities with `decode_community`

Community with ID=8 contains 42 TCR clones. These are connected based on their CDR3$\beta$ sequences.

ns_com_8 <- gcd$node_summary[gcd$node_summary$community == 8, ]

table(ns_com_8$sample)


 a  b  c 
14 14 14

We can extract it and visualize it using igraph:

par(mai = c(0,0,0,0))
plot(subgraph(graph = gcd$graph, vids = which(V(gcd$graph)$community == 8)))

Furthermore, we can “decompose” this graph using decode_community based on the attributes of the edges (edge_filter) and nodes (node_filter).

# we can pick from these edge attributes
edge_attr_names(graph = gcd$graph)

[1] "nweight"  "ncweight" "chain"    "w"

The following edge-filter will instruct ClustIRR to keep edges with with edge attributes: nweight $>=$ 4 AND ncweight $>=$ 4

edge_filter <- rbind(data.frame(name = "nweight", value = 4, operation = ">="),
                     data.frame(name = "ncweight", value = 4, operation = ">="))

# we can pick from these node attributes
vertex_attr_names(graph = gcd$graph)

 [1] "name"             "clone_id"         "Ag_gene"          "Ag_species"      
 [5] "info_tcr3d_CDR3a" "db_tcr3d_CDR3a"   "info_tcr3d_CDR3b" "db_tcr3d_CDR3b"  
 [9] "info_mcpas_CDR3a" "db_mcpas_CDR3a"   "info_mcpas_CDR3b" "db_mcpas_CDR3b"  
[13] "info_vdjdb_CDR3a" "db_vdjdb_CDR3a"   "info_vdjdb_CDR3b" "db_vdjdb_CDR3b"  
[17] "clone_size"       "sample"           "CDR3b"            "CDR3a"           
[21] "cell"             "HLA_A"            "age"              "TRAV"            
[25] "TRAJ"             "TRBV"             "TRBJ"             "id"              
[29] "community"

The following node-filter will instruct ClustIRR to retain edges between nodes that have shared node attributed with respect to ALL of the following node attributes:

node_filter <- data.frame(name = c("TRBV", "TRAV"))

c8 <- decode_communities(community_id = 8, 
                         graph = gcd$graph,
                         edge_filter = edge_filter,
                         node_filter = node_filter)

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
plot(c8, vertex.size = 10)

kable(as_data_frame(x = c8, what = "vertices")[, c("name", "key", 
                                                   "CDR3b", "TRBV", 
                                                   "TRBJ", "CDR3a", 
                                                   "TRAV", "TRAJ")],
      row.names = FALSE)

name	key	CDR3b	TRBV	TRBJ	CDR3a	TRAV	TRAJ
a\|8	TRBV7-9\|TRAV19	CASSGRGGDNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CASGTLSYNEQFF	TRAV19	TRAJ2-1
b\|8	TRBV7-9\|TRAV19	CASSGRGGDNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CASGTLSYNEQFF	TRAV19	TRAJ2-1
c\|8	TRBV7-9\|TRAV19	CASSGRGGDNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CASGTLSYNEQFF	TRAV19	TRAJ2-1
a\|22	TRBV9\|TRAV7-9	CASSQAGYSYNEQFF	TRBV9	TRBJ2-1	CASSPPLAEETQYF	TRAV7-9	TRAJ2-5
b\|22	TRBV9\|TRAV7-9	CASSQAGYSYNEQFF	TRBV9	TRBJ2-1	CASSPPLAEETQYF	TRAV7-9	TRAJ2-5
c\|22	TRBV9\|TRAV7-9	CASSQAGYSYNEQFF	TRBV9	TRBJ2-1	CASSPPLAEETQYF	TRAV7-9	TRAJ2-5
a\|23	TRBV6-5\|TRAV29-1	CASSYSGHYNEQFF	TRBV6-5	TRBJ2-1	CSVVGQLTGYEQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-7
b\|23	TRBV6-5\|TRAV29-1	CASSYSGHYNEQFF	TRBV6-5	TRBJ2-1	CSVVGQLTGYEQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-7
c\|23	TRBV6-5\|TRAV29-1	CASSYSGHYNEQFF	TRBV6-5	TRBJ2-1	CSVVGQLTGYEQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-7
a\|124	TRBV7-6\|TRAV12-4	CASAPGTSYNEQFF	TRBV7-6	TRBJ2-1	CASSLYGTERADEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
b\|124	TRBV7-6\|TRAV12-4	CASAPGTSYNEQFF	TRBV7-6	TRBJ2-1	CASSLYGTERADEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
c\|124	TRBV7-6\|TRAV12-4	CASAPGTSYNEQFF	TRBV7-6	TRBJ2-1	CASSLYGTERADEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
a\|166	TRBV13\|TRAV25-1	CASSLGTPYNEQFF	TRBV13	TRBJ2-1	CASGQTDPNGYTF	TRAV25-1	TRAJ1-2
b\|166	TRBV13\|TRAV25-1	CASSLGTPYNEQFF	TRBV13	TRBJ2-1	CASGQTDPNGYTF	TRAV25-1	TRAJ1-2
c\|166	TRBV13\|TRAV25-1	CASSLGTPYNEQFF	TRBV13	TRBJ2-1	CASGQTDPNGYTF	TRAV25-1	TRAJ1-2
a\|271	TRBV7-9\|TRAV4-2	CASSQAGGRNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CTSSQVGVGMNTEAFF	TRAV4-2	TRAJ1-1
b\|271	TRBV7-9\|TRAV4-2	CASSQAGGRNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CTSSQVGVGMNTEAFF	TRAV4-2	TRAJ1-1
c\|271	TRBV7-9\|TRAV4-2	CASSQAGGRNEQFF	TRBV7-9	TRBJ2-1	CTSSQVGVGMNTEAFF	TRAV4-2	TRAJ1-1
a\|340	TRBV12-4\|TRAV7-2	CASSGRSSYNEQFF	TRBV12-4	TRBJ2-1	CASSLPAERPDYGYTF	TRAV7-2	TRAJ1-2
b\|340	TRBV12-4\|TRAV7-2	CASSGRSSYNEQFF	TRBV12-4	TRBJ2-1	CASSLPAERPDYGYTF	TRAV7-2	TRAJ1-2
c\|340	TRBV12-4\|TRAV7-2	CASSGRSSYNEQFF	TRBV12-4	TRBJ2-1	CASSLPAERPDYGYTF	TRAV7-2	TRAJ1-2
a\|379	TRBV4-1\|TRAV20-1	CASSQGRSYNEQFF	TRBV4-1	TRBJ2-1	CSASGTEDNEQFF	TRAV20-1	TRAJ2-1
b\|379	TRBV4-1\|TRAV20-1	CASSQGRSYNEQFF	TRBV4-1	TRBJ2-1	CSASGTEDNEQFF	TRAV20-1	TRAJ2-1
c\|379	TRBV4-1\|TRAV20-1	CASSQGRSYNEQFF	TRBV4-1	TRBJ2-1	CSASGTEDNEQFF	TRAV20-1	TRAJ2-1
a\|408	TRBV27\|TRAV12-4	CASSPLTGRNEQFF	TRBV27	TRBJ2-1	CASSLGASEYEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
b\|408	TRBV27\|TRAV12-4	CASSPLTGRNEQFF	TRBV27	TRBJ2-1	CASSLGASEYEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
c\|408	TRBV27\|TRAV12-4	CASSPLTGRNEQFF	TRBV27	TRBJ2-1	CASSLGASEYEQYF	TRAV12-4	TRAJ2-7
a\|429	TRBV19\|TRAV29-1	CASSGAGQFNEQFF	TRBV19	TRBJ2-1	CSVRDLGETQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-5
b\|429	TRBV19\|TRAV29-1	CASSGAGQFNEQFF	TRBV19	TRBJ2-1	CSVRDLGETQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-5
c\|429	TRBV19\|TRAV29-1	CASSGAGQFNEQFF	TRBV19	TRBJ2-1	CSVRDLGETQYF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-5
a\|456	TRBV6-1\|TRAV29-1	CASSELQSYNEQFF	TRBV6-1	TRBJ2-1	CSGAGWIGFPDQYNEQFF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-1
b\|456	TRBV6-1\|TRAV29-1	CASSELQSYNEQFF	TRBV6-1	TRBJ2-1	CSGAGWIGFPDQYNEQFF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-1
c\|456	TRBV6-1\|TRAV29-1	CASSELQSYNEQFF	TRBV6-1	TRBJ2-1	CSGAGWIGFPDQYNEQFF	TRAV29-1	TRAJ2-1
a\|464	TRBV6-8\|TRAV19	CASSLAGGYNEQFF	TRBV6-8	TRBJ2-1	CASSIYMGKNTEAFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-1
b\|464	TRBV6-8\|TRAV19	CASSLAGGYNEQFF	TRBV6-8	TRBJ2-1	CASSIYMGKNTEAFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-1
c\|464	TRBV6-8\|TRAV19	CASSLAGGYNEQFF	TRBV6-8	TRBJ2-1	CASSIYMGKNTEAFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-1
a\|482	TRBV6-2\|TRAV19	CASSLLGSYNEQFF	TRBV6-2	TRBJ2-1	CASMGRQGRDGNEKLFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-4
b\|482	TRBV6-2\|TRAV19	CASSLLGSYNEQFF	TRBV6-2	TRBJ2-1	CASMGRQGRDGNEKLFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-4
c\|482	TRBV6-2\|TRAV19	CASSLLGSYNEQFF	TRBV6-2	TRBJ2-1	CASMGRQGRDGNEKLFF	TRAV19	TRAJ1-4
a\|500	TRBV7-3\|TRAV6-6	CASSSSPGDNEQFF	TRBV7-3	TRBJ2-1	CASSYLAAQETQYF	TRAV6-6	TRAJ2-5
b\|500	TRBV7-3\|TRAV6-6	CASSSSPGDNEQFF	TRBV7-3	TRBJ2-1	CASSYLAAQETQYF	TRAV6-6	TRAJ2-5
c\|500	TRBV7-3\|TRAV6-6	CASSSSPGDNEQFF	TRBV7-3	TRBJ2-1	CASSYLAAQETQYF	TRAV6-6	TRAJ2-5

3.7 Step 5. differential community occupancy (DCO) with `dco`

Do we see expanding or contracting communities in a given repertoire?

We employ a Bayesian model to quantify the relative abundance (occupancy) of individual communities in each repertoire.

The model output for repertoire $a$ is the parameter vector $\beta^a=\beta^a_1,\beta^a_2,\ldots,\beta^a_k$, which describes the effect of repertoire $a$ on the relative occupancy in each community.

Given two repertoires, $a$ and $b$, we can quantify the differential community occupancy (DCO):

\[\begin{align} \delta^{a-b}_i = \beta^a_i - \beta^b_i \end{align}\]

d <- dco(community_occupancy_matrix = gcd$community_occupancy_matrix,
         mcmc_control = list(mcmc_warmup = 300,
                             mcmc_iter = 600,
                             mcmc_chains = 2,
                             mcmc_cores = 1,
                             mcmc_algorithm = "NUTS",
                             adapt_delta = 0.9,
                             max_treedepth = 10))


SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'dm' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 0.000251 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 2.51 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'dm' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 0.00023 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 2.3 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
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Chain 2:

3.8 Step 6. Inspect results

3.8.1 Visualizing the distribution of $\beta$ with `get_beta_violins`

beta_violins <- get_beta_violins(node_summary = gcd$node_summary,
                                 beta = d$posterior_summary$beta,
                                 ag_species = NULL,
                                 db = "vdjdb",
                                 db_dist = 0,
                                 chain = "both")

beta_violins$violins

[[1]]

3.8.2 Compare $\beta$s of clones specific for CMV, EBV, flu or MLANA?

beta_violins <- get_beta_violins(node_summary = gcd$node_summary,
                                 beta = d$posterior_summary$beta,
                                 ag_species = c("CMV", "EBV", "Influenza"),
                                 ag_genes = c("MLANA"),
                                 db = "vdjdb",
                                 db_dist = 0,
                                 chain = "both")

patchwork::wrap_plots(beta_violins$violins, ncol = 2)

3.8.3 Compare $\beta$ between repertoires with `get_beta_scatterplot`

beta_scatterplots <- get_beta_scatterplot(node_summary = gcd$node_summary,
                                          beta = d$posterior_summary$beta,
                                          ag_species = c("CMV"),
                                          db = "vdjdb",
                                          db_dist = 0,
                                          chain = "both")

patchwork::wrap_plots(beta_scatterplots$scatterplots[[1]], ncol = 3)

3.8.4 Posterior predictive checks

Before we can start interpreting the model results, we have to make sure that the model is valid. One standard approach is to check whether our model can retrodict the observed data (community occupancy matrix) which was used to fit model parameters.

General idea of posterior predictive checks:

fit model based on data $y$
simulate new data $\hat{y}$
compare $y$ and $\hat{y}$

ClustIRR provides $y$ and $\hat{y}$ of each repertoire, which we can visualize with ggplot:

ggplot(data = d$posterior_summary$y_hat)+
  facet_wrap(facets = ~sample, nrow = 1, scales = "free")+
  geom_abline(intercept = 0, slope = 1, linetype = "dashed", col = "gray")+
  geom_errorbar(aes(x = y_obs, y = mean, ymin = L95, ymax = H95),
                col = "darkgray", width=0)+
  geom_point(aes(x = y_obs, y = mean), size = 0.8)+
  xlab(label = "observed y")+
  ylab(label = "predicted y (and 95% HDI)")

3.8.5 Differential community abundance results $\rightarrow$ par. $\delta$

Given two repertoires, $a$ and $b$, we can quantify the differential community occupancy (DCO):

\[\begin{align} \delta^{a-b}_i = \beta^a_i - \beta^b_i \end{align}\]

Importantly, ClustIRR always computes both contrasts ($a$ vs. $b$ and $b$ vs. $a$): $\delta^{a-b}_i$ and $\delta^{b-a}_i$.

ggplot(data = d$posterior_summary$delta)+
    facet_wrap(facets = ~contrast, ncol = 2)+
    geom_errorbar(aes(x = community, y = mean, ymin = L95, ymax = H95), 
                  col = "lightgray", width = 0)+
    geom_point(aes(x = community, y = mean), shape = 21, fill = "black", 
               stroke = 0.4, col = "white", size = 1.25)+
    theme(legend.position = "top")+
    ylab(label = expression(delta))+
    scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0,0))

Given two repertoires, $a$ and $b$, ClustIRR also quantifies absolute differences in community probabilities:

\[\begin{align} \epsilon^{a-b} = \mathrm{softmax}(\alpha + \beta^a) - \mathrm{softmax}(\alpha + \beta^b) \end{align}\]

Again, both contrasts are computed: $\epsilon^{a-b}_i$ and $\epsilon^{b-a}_i$.

ggplot(data = d$posterior_summary$epsilon)+
    facet_wrap(facets = ~contrast, ncol = 2)+
    geom_errorbar(aes(x = community, y = mean, ymin = L95, ymax = H95), 
                  col = "lightgray", width = 0)+
    geom_point(aes(x = community, y = mean), shape = 21, fill = "black", 
               stroke = 0.4, col = "white", size = 1.25)+
    theme(legend.position = "top")+
    ylab(label = expression(epsilon))+
    scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0,0))

3.9 Conclusion: you can also use custom community occupancy matrix for DCO!

The function dco takes as its main input a community occupancy matrix. This enables users who are accustomed to using complementary algorithm for detecting specificity groups, such as, GLIPH, TCRdist3, GIANA, and iSMART, to skip steps 1-4 of the ClustIRR workflow, and to proceed with analysis for DCO.

Decoding T- and B-cell receptor repertoires with ClustIRR

1 April 2025

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Installation

3 ClustIRR algorithm

3.1 Input

3.2 Algorithm

3.3 Step 1. Compute TCR clone similarities in a repertoire with `cluster_irr`

3.4 Step 2-3. Construct TCR repertoire graphs and join them into \(J\)

3.5 Run steps 1-3 with `clustirr`

3.5.1 Inspect the content of `clust_irrs`

3.5.2 Inspect graphs with `plot_graph`

3.5.3 You can evaluate \(J\) with igraph

3.6 Step 4. community detection with `detect_communities`

3.6.1 Inspecting the outputs of `detect_communities`

3.6.2 Visualizing community abundance matrices with `get_honeycombs`

3.6.3 Special functions: decoding communities with `decode_community`

3.7 Step 5. differential community occupancy (DCO) with `dco`

3.8 Step 6. Inspect results

3.8.1 Visualizing the distribution of \(\beta\) with `get_beta_violins`

3.8.2 Compare \(\beta\)s of clones specific for CMV, EBV, flu or MLANA?

3.8.3 Compare \(\beta\) between repertoires with `get_beta_scatterplot`

3.8.4 Posterior predictive checks

3.8.5 Differential community abundance results \(\rightarrow\) par. \(\delta\)

3.9 Conclusion: you can also use custom community occupancy matrix for DCO!

community	clones_a	clones_b	clones_c	clones_n	cells_a	cells_b	cells_c	cells_n	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	3	3	3	9	10	10	10	30	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
2	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.3	NaN	9.3	NaN	9.6	3	3
3	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.4	NaN	9.4	NaN	9.6	3	3
4	1	1	1	3	5	7	9	21	9.1	NaN	9.1	NaN	9.5	3	3
5	6	6	6	18	28	31	34	93	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	4.7	18	108
6	1	1	1	3	5	5	5	15	9.6	NaN	9.6	NaN	9.8	3	3

community	sample	clones	cells	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	a	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	b	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	c	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
112	a	5	30	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	b	5	31	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	c	5	32	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15

community	clones_a	clones_b	clones_c	clones_n	cells_a	cells_b	cells_c	cells_n	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	3	3	3	9	10	10	10	30	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
2	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.3	NaN	9.3	NaN	9.6	3	3
3	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.4	NaN	9.4	NaN	9.6	3	3
4	1	1	1	3	5	7	9	21	9.1	NaN	9.1	NaN	9.5	3	3
5	6	6	6	18	28	31	34	93	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	4.7	18	108
6	1	1	1	3	5	5	5	15	9.6	NaN	9.6	NaN	9.8	3	3

community	sample	clones	cells	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	a	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	b	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	c	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
112	a	5	30	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	b	5	31	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	c	5	32	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15

Decoding T- and B-cell receptor repertoires with ClustIRR

1 April 2025

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Installation

3 ClustIRR algorithm

3.1 Input

3.2 Algorithm

3.3 Step 1. Compute TCR clone similarities in a repertoire with cluster_irr

3.4 Step 2-3. Construct TCR repertoire graphs and join them into \(J\)

3.5 Run steps 1-3 with clustirr

3.5.1 Inspect the content of clust_irrs

3.5.2 Inspect graphs with plot_graph

3.5.3 You can evaluate \(J\) with igraph

3.6 Step 4. community detection with detect_communities

3.6.1 Inspecting the outputs of detect_communities

3.6.2 Visualizing community abundance matrices with get_honeycombs

3.6.3 Special functions: decoding communities with decode_community

3.7 Step 5. differential community occupancy (DCO) with dco

3.8 Step 6. Inspect results

3.8.1 Visualizing the distribution of \(\beta\) with get_beta_violins

3.8.2 Compare \(\beta\)s of clones specific for CMV, EBV, flu or MLANA?

3.8.3 Compare \(\beta\) between repertoires with get_beta_scatterplot

3.8.4 Posterior predictive checks

3.8.5 Differential community abundance results \(\rightarrow\) par. \(\delta\)

3.9 Conclusion: you can also use custom community occupancy matrix for DCO!

3.3 Step 1. Compute TCR clone similarities in a repertoire with `cluster_irr`

3.5 Run steps 1-3 with `clustirr`

3.5.1 Inspect the content of `clust_irrs`

3.5.2 Inspect graphs with `plot_graph`

3.6 Step 4. community detection with `detect_communities`

3.6.1 Inspecting the outputs of `detect_communities`

3.6.2 Visualizing community abundance matrices with `get_honeycombs`

3.6.3 Special functions: decoding communities with `decode_community`

3.7 Step 5. differential community occupancy (DCO) with `dco`

3.8.1 Visualizing the distribution of \(\beta\) with `get_beta_violins`

3.8.3 Compare \(\beta\) between repertoires with `get_beta_scatterplot`

community	clones_a	clones_b	clones_c	clones_n	cells_a	cells_b	cells_c	cells_n	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	3	3	3	9	10	10	10	30	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
2	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.3	NaN	9.3	NaN	9.6	3	3
3	1	1	1	3	2	2	2	6	9.4	NaN	9.4	NaN	9.6	3	3
4	1	1	1	3	5	7	9	21	9.1	NaN	9.1	NaN	9.5	3	3
5	6	6	6	18	28	31	34	93	4.0	0.0	4.0	0.0	4.7	18	108
6	1	1	1	3	5	5	5	15	9.6	NaN	9.6	NaN	9.8	3	3

community	sample	clones	cells	w	ncweight_CDR3a	ncweight_CDR3b	nweight_CDR3a	nweight_CDR3b	n_CDR3a	n_CDR3b
1	a	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	b	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
1	c	3	10	5.2	3.1	3.1	3.9	3.1	27	9
112	a	5	30	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	b	5	31	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15
112	c	5	32	3.3	2.2	1.4	3.4	1.5	96	15